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Simply so, why do ants grow wings after rain?
Winged ants of a specific species typically emerge around the same time because temperature and other weather, such as recent rains, trigger swarming and mating.
Just so, what is the purpose of flying ants?
Often referred to as alates, flying ants are the fertile male and female ants whose sole purpose is to leave the nest to reproduce and start a new colony. This happens in the form of swarms where flying ants from multiple colonies conjoin to breed mid-air.
Carpenter ants and termites (which aren't really ants) that have wings and fly are reproductive males or queens. Ants and termites swarm to mate, then the males die, having fulfilled their life's purpose. The queens drop their wings to seek a nesting site.